Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss in older adults, affecting millions worldwide. Within AMD, there is a specific form called Geographic Atrophy (GA), which is less commonly discussed but equally important to understand.

AMD is a chronic, progressive eye disease that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It is typically classified into two main types:

• Dry AMD: The more common form, characterized by the thinning of the macula and the buildup of drusen (yellow deposits).
  
  

• Wet AMD: A less common but more severe form, where abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood.

• Difficulty seeing fine details, such as small print or distant objects, even with corrective lenses.
  
  

• Blurred or distorted central vision, affecting activities like reading or recognizing faces.
  
  

• Reduced ability to see clearly in low light conditions or at night.
  
  

• Increased sensitivity to glare from lights or sunlight.
  
  

• Straight lines appearing wavy, bent, or distorted (a key early indicator of macular changes).
  
  

• Gradual loss of sharpness or clarity in central vision over time.

Geographic Atrophy is an advanced form of Dry AMD. It is marked by the gradual loss of retinal cells in the macula, leading to patches of atrophy (cell death). Over time, these patches can enlarge, severely affecting central vision. Unlike Wet AMD, GA does not involve fluid or blood leakage.

GA often begins subtly, making early detection challenging. Common symptoms include:

• Difficulty seeing in low-light conditions.
  
  

• Central blind spots that expand over time.
  
  

• Loss of sharp, detailed vision, affecting tasks like reading or recognizing faces.